package org.djunits.unit.si;
   
   import java.io.Serializable;
   import java.util.Arrays;
   
   import org.djunits.unit.util.UnitException;
   import org.djutils.exceptions.Throw;
   
   /**
   * SIDimensions stores the dimensionality of a unit using the SI standards. Angle (rad) and solid angle (sr) have been added to
   * be able to specify often used units regarding rotation.
   * <p>
   * Copyright (c) 2019-2025 Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5, 2600 AA, Delft, the Netherlands. All rights reserved. <br>
   * BSD-style license. See <a href="https://djunits.org/docs/license.html">DJUNITS License</a>
   * </p>
   * @author <a href="https://www.tudelft.nl/averbraeck" target="_blank">Alexander Verbraeck</a>
   */
  public class SIDimensions implements Serializable
  {
      /** */
      private static final long serialVersionUID = 20190818L;
  
      /** The (currently) 9 dimensions we take into account: rad, sr, kg, m, s, A, K, mol, cd. */
      public static final int NUMBER_DIMENSIONS = 9;
  
      /** The default denominator which consists of all "1"s. */
      private static final byte[] UNIT_DENOMINATOR = new byte[] {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1};
  
      /** The abbreviations of the SI units we use in SIDimensions. */
      private static final String[] SI_ABBREVIATIONS = new String[] {"rad", "sr", "kg", "m", "s", "A", "K", "mol", "cd"};
  
      /** For parsing, the mol has to be parsed before the m, otherwise the "m" from "mol" is eaten; same for "s" and "sr". */
      private static final int[] PARSE_ORDER = new int[] {0, 1, 2, 7, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8};
  
      /** the dimensionless SIDimensions. */
      public static final SIDimensions DIMLESS = new SIDimensions(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
  
      /**
       * The (currently) 9 dimensions of the SI unit we distinguish: 0: angle (rad), 1: solid angle (sr), 2: mass (kg), 3: length
       * (m), 4: time (s), 5: current (A), 6: temperature (K), 7: amount of substance (mol), 8: luminous intensity (cd). As an
       * example, speed is indicated as length = 1; time = -1.
       */
      private final byte[] dimensions;
  
      /** In case the dimensions are fractional, the denominator will contain values different from 1. */
      private final byte[] denominator;
  
      /** Stores whether the dimensions are fractional or not. */
      private final boolean fractional;
  
      /**
       * Create an immutable SIDimensions instance based on a safe copy of a given dimensions specification. As an example, speed
       * is indicated as length = 1; time = -1 with the other dimensions equal to zero.
       * @param dimensions The (currently) 9 dimensions of the SI unit we distinguish: 0: angle (rad), 1: solid angle (sr), 2:
       *            mass (kg), 3: length (m), 4: time (s), 5: current (A), 6: temperature (K), 7: amount of substance (mol), 8:
       *            luminous intensity (cd).
       */
      public SIDimensions(final byte[] dimensions)
      {
          Throw.whenNull(dimensions, "dimensions cannot be null");
          Throw.when(dimensions.length != NUMBER_DIMENSIONS, SIRuntimeException.class, "SIDimensions wrong dimensionality");
          this.dimensions = dimensions.clone(); // safe copy
          this.denominator = UNIT_DENOMINATOR;
          this.fractional = false;
      }
  
      /**
       * Create an immutable fractional SIDimensions instance based on a safe copy of a given specification, separated in a
       * numerator and a denominator.
       * @param numerator The (currently) 9 dimensions of the SI unit we distinguish: 0: angle (rad), 1: solid angle (sr), 2: mass
       *            (kg), 3: length (m), 4: time (s), 5: current (A), 6: temperature (K), 7: amount of substance (mol), 8:
       *            luminous intensity (cd).
       * @param denominator The (currently) 9 dimensions of the SI unit we distinguish: 0: angle (rad), 1: solid angle (sr), 2:
       *            mass (kg), 3: length (m), 4: time (s), 5: current (A), 6: temperature (K), 7: amount of substance (mol), 8:
       *            luminous intensity (cd).
       */
      protected SIDimensions(final byte[] numerator, final byte[] denominator)
      {
          // TODO all operators on fractional dimensions
          Throw.whenNull(numerator, "numerator cannot be null");
          Throw.whenNull(denominator, "denominator cannot be null");
          Throw.when(numerator.length != NUMBER_DIMENSIONS, SIRuntimeException.class, "numerator has wrong dimensionality");
          Throw.when(denominator.length != NUMBER_DIMENSIONS, SIRuntimeException.class, "denominator has wrong dimensionality");
          this.dimensions = numerator.clone(); // safe copy
          this.denominator = denominator.clone(); // safe copy
          this.fractional = !Arrays.equals(denominator, UNIT_DENOMINATOR);
      }
  
      /**
       * Create an immutable SIDimensions instance based on a safe copy of a given dimensions specification.
       * @param angle dimension of the angle (rad)
       * @param solidAngle dimension of the solidAngle (sr)
       * @param mass dimension of the mass (kg)
       * @param length dimension of the length (m)
       * @param time dimension of the time (s)
       * @param current dimension of the current (A)
       * @param temperature dimension of the temperature (K)
       * @param amountOfSubstance dimension of the amount of substance (mol)
       * @param luminousIntensity dimension of the luminous intensity (cd)
      */
     @SuppressWarnings("checkstyle:parameternumber")
     public SIDimensions(final int angle, final int solidAngle, final int mass, final int length, final int time,
             final int current, final int temperature, final int amountOfSubstance, final int luminousIntensity)
     {
         this.dimensions = new byte[NUMBER_DIMENSIONS];
         this.dimensions[0] = (byte) angle;
         this.dimensions[1] = (byte) solidAngle;
         this.dimensions[2] = (byte) mass;
         this.dimensions[3] = (byte) length;
         this.dimensions[4] = (byte) time;
         this.dimensions[5] = (byte) current;
         this.dimensions[6] = (byte) temperature;
         this.dimensions[7] = (byte) amountOfSubstance;
         this.dimensions[8] = (byte) luminousIntensity;
         this.denominator = UNIT_DENOMINATOR;
         this.fractional = false;
     }
 
     /**
      * Parse a string representing SI dimensions to an SIDimensions object. Example: SIDimensions.of("kgm/s2") and
      * SIDimensions.of("kgms-2") will both be translated to a dimensions object with vector {0,0,1,1,-2,0,0,0,0}. It is allowed
      * to use 0 or 1 for the dimensions. Having the same unit in the numerator and the denominator is not seen as a problem: the
      * values are subtracted from each other, so m/m will have a length dimensionality of 0. Dimensions between -9 and 9 are
      * allowed. Spaces, periods and ^ are taken out, but other characters are not allowed and will lead to a UnitException. The
      * order of allowed units is arbitrary, so "kg/ms2" is accepted as well as "kg/s^2.m".
      * @param siString the string to parse
      * @return the corresponding SI dimensions
      * @throws UnitException when the string could not be parsed into dimensions
      */
     public static SIDimensions of(final String siString) throws UnitException
     {
         Throw.whenNull(siString, "siString cannot be null");
         String dimString = siString.replaceAll("[ .^]", "");
         // TODO fractional: ^(-1/2)
         if (dimString.contains("/"))
         {
             String[] parts = dimString.split("\\/");
             if (parts.length != 2)
             {
                 throw new UnitException("SI String " + dimString + " contains more than one division sign");
             }
             byte[] numerator = parse(parts[0]);
             byte[] denominator = parse(parts[1]);
             for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_DIMENSIONS; i++)
             {
                 numerator[i] -= denominator[i];
             }
             return new SIDimensions(numerator);
         }
         return new SIDimensions(parse(dimString));
     }
 
     /**
      * Translate a string representing SI dimensions to an SIDimensions object. Example: SIDimensions.of("kgm2") is translated
      * to a vector {0,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0}. It is allowed to use 0 or 1 for the dimensions. Dimensions between -9 and 9 are allowed.
      * The parsing is quite lenient: periods and carets (^) are taken out, and the order can be arbitrary, so "kgms-2" is
      * accepted as well as "m.s^-2.kg". Note that the empty string parses to the dimensionless unit.
      * @param siString concatenation of SI units with positive or negative dimensions. No divisions sign is allowed.
      * @return a vector of length <code>NUMBER_DIMENSIONS</code> with the dimensions for the SI units
      * @throws UnitException when the String cannot be parsed, e.g. due to units not being recognized
      */
     private static byte[] parse(final String siString) throws UnitException
     {
         Throw.whenNull(siString, "siString cannot be null");
         byte[] result = new byte[NUMBER_DIMENSIONS];
         if (siString.equals("1") || siString.length() == 0)
         {
             return result;
         }
         String copy = siString;
         int copyLength = copy.length();
         while (copyLength > 0)
         {
             // find the next unit
             for (int j = 0; j < SI_ABBREVIATIONS.length; j++)
             {
                 int i = PARSE_ORDER[j];
                 String si = SI_ABBREVIATIONS[i];
                 if (copy.startsWith(si))
                 {
                     if (result[i] != 0)
                     {
                         throw new UnitException("SI string " + siString + " has a double entry for unit " + si);
                     }
                     copy = copy.substring(si.length());
                     if (copy.length() == 0)
                     {
                         result[i] = 1;
                         break;
                     }
                     else if (copy.startsWith("-"))
                     {
                         if (copy.length() == 1)
                         {
                             throw new UnitException("SI string " + siString + " ends with a minus sign");
                         }
                         if (Character.isDigit(copy.charAt(1)))
                         {
                             result[i] = (byte) (-1 * (copy.charAt(1) - '0'));
                             copy = copy.substring(2);
                             break;
                         }
                         throw new UnitException(
                                 "SI string " + siString + " has a minus sign for unit " + si + " but no dimension");
                     }
                     else if (Character.isDigit(copy.charAt(0)))
                     {
                         result[i] = (byte) (copy.charAt(0) - '0');
                         copy = copy.substring(1);
                         break;
                     }
                     else
                     {
                         result[i] = 1;
                         break;
                     }
                 }
             }
             if (copy.length() == copyLength)
             {
                 // we did not parse anything... wrong character
                 break;
             }
             copyLength = copy.length();
         }
         if (copy.length() != 0)
         {
             throw new UnitException("Trailing information in SI string " + siString);
         }
         return result;
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns a safe copy of the SI abbreviations (a public static final String[] is mutable).
      * @return a safe copy of the SI abbreviations
      */
     public String[] siAbbreviations()
     {
         return SI_ABBREVIATIONS.clone();
     }
 
     /**
      * Return the (fractional) SI dimensions in the order rad, sr, kg, m, s, A, K, mol, cd.
      * @return the (fractional) SI dimensions in the order rad, sr, kg, m, s, A, K, mol, cd
      */
     public double[] siDimensions()
     {
         double[] result = new double[NUMBER_DIMENSIONS];
         for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_DIMENSIONS; i++)
         {
             result[i] = 1.0 * this.dimensions[i] / this.denominator[i];
         }
         return result;
     }
 
     /**
      * Add a set of SI dimensions to this SIDimensions. Note: as dimensions are considered to be immutable, a new dimension is
      * returned. The original dimension (<code>this</code>) remains unaltered.
      * @param other the dimensions to add (usually as a result of multiplication of scalars)
      * @return the new dimensions with the dimensions of this object plus the dimensions in the parameter
      */
     public SIDimensions plus(final SIDimensions other)
     {
         byte[] result = new byte[NUMBER_DIMENSIONS];
         for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_DIMENSIONS; i++)
         {
             result[i] = (byte) (this.dimensions[i] + other.dimensions[i]);
         }
         return new SIDimensions(result);
     }
 
     /**
      * Subtract a set of SI dimensions from this SIDimensions. Note: as dimensions are considered to be immutable, a new
      * dimension is returned. The original dimension (<code>this</code>) remains unaltered.
      * @param other the dimensions to subtract (usually as a result of division of scalars)
      * @return the new dimensions with the dimensions of this object minus the dimensions in the parameter
      */
     public SIDimensions minus(final SIDimensions other)
     {
         byte[] result = new byte[NUMBER_DIMENSIONS];
         for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_DIMENSIONS; i++)
         {
             result[i] = (byte) (this.dimensions[i] - other.dimensions[i]);
         }
         return new SIDimensions(result);
     }
 
     /**
      * Invert a set of SI dimensions; instead of m/s we get s/m. Note: as dimensions are considered to be immutable, a new
      * dimension is returned. The original dimension (<code>this</code>) remains unaltered.
      * @return the new dimensions that are the inverse of the dimensions in this object
      */
     public SIDimensions invert()
     {
         byte[] result = new byte[NUMBER_DIMENSIONS];
         for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_DIMENSIONS; i++)
         {
             result[i] = (byte) (-this.dimensions[i]);
         }
         return new SIDimensions(result);
     }
 
     /**
      * Add two SIDimensions and return the new SIDimensions. Usually, dimensions are added as a result of multiplication of
      * scalars.
      * @param dim1 the first set of dimensions
      * @param dim2 the second set of dimensions
      * @return the new dimensions with the sum of the dimensions in the parameters
      */
     public static SIDimensions add(final SIDimensions dim1, final SIDimensions dim2)
     {
         byte[] dim = new byte[NUMBER_DIMENSIONS];
         for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_DIMENSIONS; i++)
         {
             dim[i] = (byte) (dim1.dimensions[i] + dim2.dimensions[i]);
         }
         return new SIDimensions(dim);
     }
 
     /**
      * Subtract an SIDimensions (dim2) from another SIDimensions (dim1) and return the new SIDimensions. Usually, dimensions are
      * added as a result of division of scalars.
      * @param dim1 the first set of dimensions
      * @param dim2 the second set of dimensions that will be subtracted from dim1
      * @return the new dimensions with the difference of the dimensions in the parameters
      */
     public static SIDimensions subtract(final SIDimensions dim1, final SIDimensions dim2)
     {
         byte[] dim = new byte[NUMBER_DIMENSIONS];
         for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_DIMENSIONS; i++)
         {
             dim[i] = (byte) (dim1.dimensions[i] - dim2.dimensions[i]);
         }
         return new SIDimensions(dim);
     }
 
     /**
      * Indicate whether this SIDImensions contains one or more fractional dimensions.
      * @return whether this SIDImensions contains one or more fractional dimensions
      */
     public boolean isFractional()
     {
         return this.fractional;
     }
 
     @Override
     public int hashCode()
     {
         final int prime = 31;
         int result = 1;
         result = prime * result + Arrays.hashCode(this.denominator);
         result = prime * result + Arrays.hashCode(this.dimensions);
         return result;
     }
 
     @Override
     @SuppressWarnings("checkstyle:needbraces")
     public boolean equals(final Object obj)
     {
         if (this == obj)
             return true;
         if (obj == null)
             return false;
         if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
             return false;
         SIDimensions other = (SIDimensions) obj;
         if (!Arrays.equals(this.denominator, other.denominator))
             return false;
         if (!Arrays.equals(this.dimensions, other.dimensions))
             return false;
         return true;
     }
 
     /**
      * Return a string such as "kgm/s2" or "kg.m/s^2" or "kg.m.s^-2" from this SIDimensions.
      * @param divided if true, return m/s2 for acceleration; if false return ms-2
      * @param separator add this string between successive units, e.g. kg.m.s-2 instead of kgms-2
      * @param powerPrefix the prefix for the power, e.g., "^" or "&lt;sup&gt;"
      * @param powerPostfix the postfix for the power, e.g., "&lt;/sup&gt;"
      * @return a formatted string for this SIDimensions
      */
     public String toString(final boolean divided, final String separator, final String powerPrefix, final String powerPostfix)
     {
         StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
         boolean first = true;
         boolean negative = false;
         for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_DIMENSIONS; i++)
         {
             if (this.dimensions[i] < 0)
             {
                 negative = true;
             }
             if ((!divided && this.dimensions[i] != 0) || (divided && this.dimensions[i] > 0))
             {
                 if (!first)
                 {
                     s.append(separator);
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     first = false;
                 }
                 s.append(SI_ABBREVIATIONS[i]);
                 if (this.dimensions[i] != 1)
                 {
                     s.append(powerPrefix);
                     s.append(this.dimensions[i]);
                     s.append(powerPostfix);
                 }
             }
         }
         if (s.length() == 0)
         {
             s.append("1");
         }
         if (divided && negative)
         {
             s.append("/");
         }
         if (divided)
         {
             first = true;
             for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_DIMENSIONS; i++)
             {
                 if (this.dimensions[i] < 0)
                 {
                     if (!first)
                     {
                         s.append(separator);
                     }
                     else
                     {
                         first = false;
                     }
                     s.append(SI_ABBREVIATIONS[i]);
                     if (this.dimensions[i] < -1)
                     {
                         s.append(powerPrefix);
                         s.append(-this.dimensions[i]);
                         s.append(powerPostfix);
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
         if (s.toString().equals("1"))
         {
             return "";
         }
         return s.toString();
     }
 
     /**
      * Return a string such as "kgm/s2" or "kg.m/s2" or "kg.m.s-2" from this SIDimensions.
      * @param divided if true, return m/s2 for acceleration; if false return ms-2
      * @param separator if true, add a period between successive units, e.g. kg.m.s-2 instead of kgms-2
      * @return a formatted string describing this SIDimensions
      */
     public String toString(final boolean divided, final boolean separator)
     {
         return toString(divided, separator ? "." : "", "", "");
     }
 
     /**
      * Return a string such as "kgm/s2" or "kg.m/s^2" or "kg.m.s^-2" from this SIDimensions.
      * @param divided if true, return m/s2 for acceleration; if false return ms-2
      * @param separator if true, add a period between successive units, e.g. kg.m.s-2 instead of kgms-2
      * @param power if true, add a ^ sign before the power, e.g., "kg.m^2/s^3" instead of "kg.m2/s3"
      * @return a formatted string describing this SIDimensions
      */
     public String toString(final boolean divided, final boolean separator, final boolean power)
     {
         return toString(divided, separator ? "." : "", power ? "^" : "", "");
     }
 
     /**
      * Return a string such as "kgm/s<sup>2</sup>" or or "kg.m.s<sup>-2</sup>" from this SIDimensions.
      * @param divided if true, return "m/s<sup>2</sup>" for acceleration; if false return "ms<sup>-2</sup>"
      * @param separator if true, add a period between successive units, e.g. kg.m.s<sup>-2</sup>
      * @return a formatted string describing this SIDimensions
      */
     public String toHTMLString(final boolean divided, final boolean separator)
     {
         return toString(divided, separator ? "." : "", "<sup>", "</sup>");
     }
 
     @Override
     public String toString()
     {
         if (this.fractional)
         {
             StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
             sb.append("[");
             for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_DIMENSIONS; i++)
             {
                 if (i > 0)
                 {
                     sb.append(", ");
                 }
                 if (this.denominator[i] != 1 && this.dimensions[i] != 0)
                 {
                     sb.append(this.dimensions[i] + "/" + this.denominator[i]);
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     sb.append(this.dimensions[i]);
                 }
             }
             sb.append("]");
             return sb.toString();
         }
         else
         {
             return Arrays.toString(this.dimensions);
         }
     }
 
 }